lib: replace some uses of Query::MatchAll with a thread-safe alternative

This replaces two instances of Xapian::Query::MatchAll with the
equivalent but thread-safe alternative Xapian::Query(std::string()).
Xapian::Query::MatchAll maintains an internal pointer to a refcounted
Xapian::Internal::QueryTerm.

None of this is thread-safe but that wouldn't be an issue if
Xapian::Query::MatchAll wasn't static. Because it's static, the
refcounting goes awry when Notmuch is called from multiple threads.
This is actually documented by Xapian:
4715de3a9f/xapian-core/include/xapian/query.h (L65)

While static, Xapian::Query::MatchNothing is safe because it doesn't
maintain an internal object and as such, doesn't use references.

Two best-effort tests making use of TSan were added to showcase the
issue (I couldn't figure out a way to deterministically reproduce it
without making an unmaintainable mess).

First, when two databases are created in parallel, a query that uses
Xapian::Query::MatchAll is made (lib/query.cc), resulting in the
following backtrace on a segfault:
  #0  0x00007ffff76822af in Xapian::Query::get_terms_begin (this=0x7fffe80137f0) at api/query.cc:141
  #1  0x00007ffff7f933f5 in _notmuch_query_cache_terms (query=0x7fffe80137c0) at lib/query.cc:176
  #2  0x00007ffff7f93784 in _notmuch_query_ensure_parsed_xapian (query=0x7fffe80137c0) at lib/query.cc:225
  #3  0x00007ffff7f9381a in _notmuch_query_ensure_parsed (query=0x7fffe80137c0) at lib/query.cc:260
  #4  0x00007ffff7f93bfe in _notmuch_query_search_documents (query=0x7fffe80137c0, type=0x7ffff7fa9b1e "mail", out=0x7ffff666da18) at lib/query.cc:361
  #5  0x00007ffff7f93ba4 in notmuch_query_search_messages (query=0x7fffe80137c0, out=0x7ffff666da18) at lib/query.cc:349
  #6  0x00007ffff7f83d98 in notmuch_database_upgrade (notmuch=0x7fffe8000bd0, progress_notify=0x0, closure=0x0) at lib/database.cc:934
  #7  0x00007ffff7fa110f in notmuch_database_create_with_config (database_path=0x7ffff666dcb0 "/tmp/notmuch.MZ2AGr", config_path=0x7ffff7faab3c "", profile=0x0, database=0x0, status_string=0x7ffff666dc90) at lib/open.cc:754
  #8  0x00007ffff7fa0d6f in notmuch_database_create_verbose (path=0x7ffff666dcb0 "/tmp/notmuch.MZ2AGr", database=0x0, status_string=0x7ffff666dc90) at lib/open.cc:653
  #9  0x00007ffff7fa0ceb in notmuch_database_create (path=0x7ffff666dcb0 "/tmp/notmuch.MZ2AGr", database=0x0) at lib/open.cc:637
  ...

Second, some queries would make use of Xapian::Query::MatchAll
(lib/regexp-fields.cc), resulting in the following backtrace on a
segfault:
  #0  0x00007f629828b690 in Xapian::Internal::QueryBranch::gather_terms (this=0x7f628800def0, void_terms=0x7f629726d5a0) at api/queryinternal.cc:1245
  #1  0x00007f629828c260 in Xapian::Internal::QueryScaleWeight::gather_terms (this=0x7f628800df70, void_terms=0x7f629726d5a0) at api/queryinternal.cc:1434
  #2  0x00007f629828b69f in Xapian::Internal::QueryBranch::gather_terms (this=0x7f628800dd90, void_terms=0x7f629726d5a0) at api/queryinternal.cc:1245
  #3  0x00007f6298282571 in Xapian::Query::get_unique_terms_begin (this=0x7f628800dcd8) at api/query.cc:166
  #4  0x00007f629841a59b in Xapian::Weight::Internal::accumulate_stats (this=0x7f628800dca0, subdb=..., rset=...) at weight/weightinternal.cc:86
  #5  0x00007f62983c15ba in LocalSubMatch::prepare_match (this=0x7f628800df20, nowait=true, total_stats=...) at matcher/localsubmatch.cc:172
  #6  0x00007f62983c8fcc in prepare_sub_matches (leaves=std::vector of length 1, capacity 1 = {...}, stats=...) at matcher/multimatch.cc:237
  #7  0x00007f62983c98a3 in MultiMatch::MultiMatch (this=0x7f629726d9a0, db_=..., query_=..., qlen=3, omrset=0x0, collapse_max_=0, collapse_key_=4294967295, percent_cutoff_=0, weight_cutoff_=0, order_=Xapian::Enquire::ASCENDING, sort_key_=0, sort_by_=Xapian::Enquire::Internal::VAL, sort_value_forward_=true, time_limit_=0, stats=..., weight_=0x7f6288008d50, matchspies_=std::vector of length 0, capacity 0, have_sorter=false, have_mdecider=false) at matcher/multimatch.cc:353
  #8  0x00007f629826fcba in Xapian::Enquire::Internal::get_mset (this=0x7f628800e0b0, first=0, maxitems=0, check_at_least=0, rset=0x0, mdecider=0x0) at api/omenquire.cc:569
  #9  0x00007f629827181c in Xapian::Enquire::get_mset (this=0x7f629726db80, first=0, maxitems=0, check_at_least=0, rset=0x0, mdecider=0x0) at api/omenquire.cc:937
  #10 0x00007f6298be529a in _notmuch_query_search_documents (query=0x7f6288009750, type=0x7f6298bfaafe "mail", out=0x7f629726dcc0) at lib/query.cc:447
  #11 0x00007f6298be4ae8 in notmuch_query_search_messages (query=0x7f6288009750, out=0x7f629726dcc0) at lib/query.cc:349
  ...

Printing Xapian::Query::MatchAll->internal.px->_refs in these
circumstances can help quickly identifying this scenario.

This is motivated by some test frameworks (like Rust's Cargo) that
runs unit tests in parallel and would easily encounter this issue,
unless client code gates every call to Notmuch behind a lock.

This is what can be expected from the tests when they fail:
   == stderr ==
  +==================
  +WARNING: ThreadSanitizer: data race (pid=207931)
  +  Read of size 1 at 0x7b10000001a0 by thread T2:
  +    #0 memcpy <null> (libtsan.so.2+0x62506)
  +    #1 void std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> >::_M_construct<char*>(char*, char*, std::forward_iterator_tag) [clone .isra.0] <null> (libxapian.so.30+0x872b3)
  +
  +  Previous write of size 8 at 0x7b10000001a0 by thread T1:
  +    #0 operator new(unsigned long) <null> (libtsan.so.2+0x8ba83)
  +    #1 Xapian::Query::Query(std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > const&, unsigned int, unsigned int) <null> (libxapian.so.30+0x855cd)
  ...

configure

@@ -422,6 +422,18 @@ else
 fi
 unset test_cmdline
 
+printf "C compiler supports thread sanitizer... "
+test_cmdline="${CC} ${CFLAGS} ${CPPFLAGS} -fsanitize=thread minimal.c ${LDFLAGS} -o minimal"
+if ${test_cmdline} >/dev/null 2>&1 && ./minimal
+then
+    printf "Yes.\n"
+    have_tsan=1
+else
+    printf "Nope, skipping those tests.\n"
+    have_tsan=0
+fi
+unset test_cmdline
+
 printf "Reading libnotmuch version from source... "
 cat > _libversion.c <<EOF
 #include <stdio.h>
@@ -1590,8 +1602,9 @@ NOTMUCH_GMIME_VERIFY_WITH_SESSION_KEY=${gmime_verify_with_session_key}
 NOTMUCH_ZLIB_CFLAGS="${zlib_cflags}"
 NOTMUCH_ZLIB_LDFLAGS="${zlib_ldflags}"
 
-# Does the C compiler support the address sanitizer
+# Does the C compiler support the sanitizers
 NOTMUCH_HAVE_ASAN=${have_asan}
+NOTMUCH_HAVE_TSAN=${have_tsan}
 
 # do we have man pages?
 NOTMUCH_HAVE_MAN=$((have_sphinx))

lib/query.cc

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "notmuch-private.h"
 #include "database-private.h"
+#include "xapian-extra.h"
 
 #include <glib.h> /* GHashTable, GPtrArray */
 
@@ -186,7 +187,7 @@ _notmuch_query_string_to_xapian_query (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
 {
     try {
 	if (query_string == "" || query_string == "*") {
-	    output = Xapian::Query::MatchAll;
+	    output = xapian_query_match_all ();
 	} else {
 	    output =
 		notmuch->query_parser->

lib/regexp-fields.cc

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@
 #include "regexp-fields.h"
 #include "notmuch-private.h"
 #include "database-private.h"
+#include "xapian-extra.h"
 
 notmuch_status_t
 compile_regex (regex_t &regexp, const char *str, std::string &msg)
@@ -200,7 +201,7 @@ RegexpFieldProcessor::operator() (const std::string & str)
     if (str.empty ()) {
 	if (options & NOTMUCH_FIELD_PROBABILISTIC) {
 	    return Xapian::Query (Xapian::Query::OP_AND_NOT,
-				  Xapian::Query::MatchAll,
+				  xapian_query_match_all (),
 				  Xapian::Query (Xapian::Query::OP_WILDCARD, term_prefix));
 	} else {
 	    return Xapian::Query (term_prefix);

test/T800-asan.sh

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ fi
 
 add_email_corpus
 
-TEST_CFLAGS="-fsanitize=address"
+TEST_CFLAGS="${TEST_CFLAGS:-} -fsanitize=address"
 
 test_begin_subtest "open and destroy"
 test_C ${MAIL_DIR} ${NOTMUCH_CONFIG} <<EOF

test/T810-tsan.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+test_directory=$(cd "$(dirname "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}")" > /dev/null && pwd)
+
+test_description='run code with TSan enabled against the library'
+# Note it is hard to ensure race conditions are deterministic so this
+# only provides best effort detection.
+
+. "$test_directory"/test-lib.sh || exit 1
+
+if [ $NOTMUCH_HAVE_TSAN -ne 1 ]; then
+    printf "Skipping due to missing TSan support\n"
+    test_done
+fi
+
+export TSAN_OPTIONS="suppressions=$test_directory/T810-tsan.suppressions"
+TEST_CFLAGS="${TEST_CFLAGS:-} -fsanitize=thread"
+
+cp -r ${MAIL_DIR} ${MAIL_DIR}-2
+
+test_begin_subtest "create"
+test_C ${MAIL_DIR} ${MAIL_DIR}-2 <<EOF
+#include <notmuch-test.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+void *thread (void *arg) {
+  char *mail_dir = arg;
+  /*
+   * Calls into notmuch_query_search_messages which was using the thread-unsafe
+   * Xapian::Query::MatchAll.
+   */
+  EXPECT0(notmuch_database_create (mail_dir, NULL));
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+int main (int argc, char **argv) {
+  pthread_t t1, t2;
+  EXPECT0(pthread_create (&t1, NULL, thread, argv[1]));
+  EXPECT0(pthread_create (&t2, NULL, thread, argv[2]));
+  EXPECT0(pthread_join (t1, NULL));
+  EXPECT0(pthread_join (t2, NULL));
+  return 0;
+}
+EOF
+cat <<EOF > EXPECTED
+== stdout ==
+== stderr ==
+EOF
+test_expect_equal_file EXPECTED OUTPUT
+
+add_email_corpus
+rm -r ${MAIL_DIR}-2
+cp -r ${MAIL_DIR} ${MAIL_DIR}-2
+
+test_begin_subtest "query"
+test_C ${MAIL_DIR} ${MAIL_DIR}-2 <<EOF
+#include <notmuch-test.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+void *thread (void *arg) {
+  char *mail_dir = arg;
+  notmuch_database_t *db;
+  /*
+   * 'from' is NOTMUCH_FIELD_PROBABILISTIC | NOTMUCH_FIELD_PROCESSOR and an
+   * empty string gets us to RegexpFieldProcessor::operator which was using
+   * the tread-unsafe Xapian::Query::MatchAll.
+   */
+  EXPECT0(notmuch_database_open_with_config (mail_dir,
+                                             NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_ONLY,
+                                             NULL, NULL, &db, NULL));
+  notmuch_query_t *query = notmuch_query_create (db, "from:\"\"");
+  notmuch_messages_t *messages;
+  EXPECT0(notmuch_query_search_messages (query, &messages));
+  return NULL;
+}
+
+int main (int argc, char **argv) {
+  pthread_t t1, t2;
+  EXPECT0(pthread_create (&t1, NULL, thread, argv[1]));
+  EXPECT0(pthread_create (&t2, NULL, thread, argv[2]));
+  EXPECT0(pthread_join (t1, NULL));
+  EXPECT0(pthread_join (t2, NULL));
+  return 0;
+}
+EOF
+cat <<EOF > EXPECTED
+== stdout ==
+== stderr ==
+EOF
+test_expect_equal_file EXPECTED OUTPUT
+
+test_done

test/T810-tsan.suppressions

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+# It's unclear how TSan-friendly GLib is:
+# https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/issues/1672
+race:g_rw_lock_reader_lock
+# https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/issues/1952
+race:g_slice_alloc0

util/xapian-extra.h

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#ifndef _XAPIAN_EXTRA_H
+#define _XAPIAN_EXTRA_H
+
+#include <string>
+#include <xapian.h>
+
+inline Xapian::Query
+xapian_query_match_all (void)
+{
+    // Xapian::Query::MatchAll isn't thread safe (a static object with reference
+    // counting) so instead reconstruct the equivalent on demand.
+    return Xapian::Query (std::string ());
+}
+
+#endif