lib: Add per-message last modification tracking

This adds a new document value that stores the revision of the last
modification to message metadata, where the revision number increases
monotonically with each database commit.

An alternative would be to store the wall-clock time of the last
modification of each message.  In principle this is simpler and has
the advantage that any process can determine the current timestamp
without support from libnotmuch.  However, even assuming a computer's
clock never goes backward and ignoring clock skew in networked
environments, this has a fatal flaw.  Xapian uses (optimistic)
snapshot isolation, which means reads can be concurrent with writes.
Given this, consider the following time line with a write and two read
transactions:

   write  |-X-A--------------|
   read 1       |---B---|
   read 2                      |---|

The write transaction modifies message X and records the wall-clock
time of the modification at A.  The writer hangs around for a while
and later commits its change.  Read 1 is concurrent with the write, so
it doesn't see the change to X.  It does some query and records the
wall-clock time of its results at B.  Transaction read 2 later starts
after the write commits and queries for changes since wall-clock time
B (say the reads are performing an incremental backup).  Even though
read 1 could not see the change to X, read 2 is told (correctly) that
X has not changed since B, the time of the last read.  In fact, X
changed before wall-clock time A, but the change was not visible until
*after* wall-clock time B, so read 2 misses the change to X.

This is tricky to solve in full-blown snapshot isolation, but because
Xapian serializes writes, we can use a simple, monotonically
increasing database revision number.  Furthermore, maintaining this
revision number requires no more IO than a wall-clock time solution
because Xapian already maintains statistics on the upper (and lower)
bound of each value stream.

lib/database-private.h

@@ -100,6 +100,12 @@ enum _notmuch_features {
      *
      * Introduced: version 3. */
     NOTMUCH_FEATURE_INDEXED_MIMETYPES = 1 << 5,
+
+    /* If set, messages store the revision number of the last
+     * modification in NOTMUCH_VALUE_LAST_MOD.
+     *
+     * Introduced: version 3. */
+    NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD = 1 << 6,
 };
 
 /* In C++, a named enum is its own type, so define bitwise operators
@@ -145,6 +151,8 @@ struct _notmuch_database {
 
     notmuch_database_mode_t mode;
     int atomic_nesting;
+    /* TRUE if changes have been made in this atomic section */
+    notmuch_bool_t atomic_dirty;
     Xapian::Database *xapian_db;
 
     /* Bit mask of features used by this database.  This is a
@@ -158,6 +166,11 @@ struct _notmuch_database {
      * next library call. May be NULL */
     char *status_string;
 
+    /* Highest committed revision number.  Modifications are recorded
+     * under a higher revision number, which can be generated with
+     * notmuch_database_new_revision. */
+    unsigned long revision;
+
     Xapian::QueryParser *query_parser;
     Xapian::TermGenerator *term_gen;
     Xapian::ValueRangeProcessor *value_range_processor;
@@ -179,7 +192,8 @@ struct _notmuch_database {
  * will have it). */
 #define NOTMUCH_FEATURES_CURRENT \
     (NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_DIRECTORY_DOCS | \
-     NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS)
+     NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS | \
+     NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD)
 
 /* Return the list of terms from the given iterator matching a prefix.
  * The prefix will be stripped from the strings in the returned list.

lib/database.cc

@@ -101,6 +101,9 @@ typedef struct {
  *
  *	SUBJECT:	The value of the "Subject" header
  *
+ *	LAST_MOD:	The revision number as of the last tag or
+ *			filename change.
+ *
  * In addition, terms from the content of the message are added with
  * "from", "to", "attachment", and "subject" prefixes for use by the
  * user in searching. Similarly, terms from the path of the mail
@@ -310,6 +313,8 @@ static const struct {
      * them. */
     { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_INDEXED_MIMETYPES,
       "indexed MIME types", "w"},
+    { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD,
+      "modification tracking", "w"},
 };
 
 const char *
@@ -737,6 +742,23 @@ _notmuch_database_ensure_writable (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
     return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
 }
 
+/* Allocate a revision number for the next change. */
+unsigned long
+_notmuch_database_new_revision (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
+{
+    unsigned long new_revision = notmuch->revision + 1;
+
+    /* If we're in an atomic section, hold off on updating the
+     * committed revision number until we commit the atomic section.
+     */
+    if (notmuch->atomic_nesting)
+	notmuch->atomic_dirty = TRUE;
+    else
+	notmuch->revision = new_revision;
+
+    return new_revision;
+}
+
 /* Parse a database features string from the given database version.
  * Returns the feature bit set.
  *
@@ -904,6 +926,7 @@ notmuch_database_open_verbose (const char *path,
     notmuch->atomic_nesting = 0;
     try {
 	string last_thread_id;
+	string last_mod;
 
 	if (mode == NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_WRITE) {
 	    notmuch->xapian_db = new Xapian::WritableDatabase (xapian_path,
@@ -962,6 +985,14 @@ notmuch_database_open_verbose (const char *path,
 		INTERNAL_ERROR ("Malformed database last_thread_id: %s", str);
 	}
 
+	/* Get current highest revision number. */
+	last_mod = notmuch->xapian_db->get_value_upper_bound (
+	    NOTMUCH_VALUE_LAST_MOD);
+	if (last_mod.empty ())
+	    notmuch->revision = 0;
+	else
+	    notmuch->revision = Xapian::sortable_unserialise (last_mod);
+
 	notmuch->query_parser = new Xapian::QueryParser;
 	notmuch->term_gen = new Xapian::TermGenerator;
 	notmuch->term_gen->set_stemmer (Xapian::Stem ("english"));
@@ -1369,7 +1400,8 @@ notmuch_database_upgrade (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
 
     /* Figure out how much total work we need to do. */
     if (new_features &
-	(NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER)) {
+	(NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER |
+	 NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD)) {
 	notmuch_query_t *query = notmuch_query_create (notmuch, "");
 	total += notmuch_query_count_messages (query);
 	notmuch_query_destroy (query);
@@ -1396,7 +1428,8 @@ notmuch_database_upgrade (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
 
     /* Perform per-message upgrades. */
     if (new_features &
-	(NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER)) {
+	(NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER |
+	 NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD)) {
 	notmuch_query_t *query = notmuch_query_create (notmuch, "");
 	notmuch_messages_t *messages;
 	notmuch_message_t *message;
@@ -1433,6 +1466,14 @@ notmuch_database_upgrade (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
 	    if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER)
 		_notmuch_message_upgrade_folder (message);
 
+	    /* Prior to NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD, messages did not
+	     * track modification revisions.  Give all messages the
+	     * next available revision; since we just started tracking
+	     * revisions for this database, that will be 1.
+	     */
+	    if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD)
+		_notmuch_message_upgrade_last_mod (message);
+
 	    _notmuch_message_sync (message);
 
 	    notmuch_message_destroy (message);
@@ -1615,6 +1656,11 @@ notmuch_database_end_atomic (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
 	return NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
     }
 
+    if (notmuch->atomic_dirty) {
+	++notmuch->revision;
+	notmuch->atomic_dirty = FALSE;
+    }
+
 DONE:
     notmuch->atomic_nesting--;
     return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;

lib/message.cc

@@ -998,6 +998,16 @@ _notmuch_message_set_header_values (notmuch_message_t *message,
     message->modified = TRUE;
 }
 
+/* Upgrade a message to support NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD.  The caller
+ * must call _notmuch_message_sync. */
+void
+_notmuch_message_upgrade_last_mod (notmuch_message_t *message)
+{
+    /* _notmuch_message_sync will update the last modification
+     * revision; we just have to ask it to. */
+    message->modified = TRUE;
+}
+
 /* Synchronize changes made to message->doc out into the database. */
 void
 _notmuch_message_sync (notmuch_message_t *message)
@@ -1010,6 +1020,18 @@ _notmuch_message_sync (notmuch_message_t *message)
     if (! message->modified)
 	return;
 
+    /* Update the last modification of this message. */
+    if (message->notmuch->features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD)
+	/* sortable_serialise gives a reasonably compact encoding,
+	 * which directly translates to reduced IO when scanning the
+	 * value stream.  Since it's built for doubles, we only get 53
+	 * effective bits, but that's still enough for the database to
+	 * last a few centuries at 1 million revisions per second. */
+	message->doc.add_value (NOTMUCH_VALUE_LAST_MOD,
+				Xapian::sortable_serialise (
+				    _notmuch_database_new_revision (
+					message->notmuch)));
+
     db = static_cast <Xapian::WritableDatabase *> (message->notmuch->xapian_db);
     db->replace_document (message->doc_id, message->doc);
     message->modified = FALSE;

lib/notmuch-private.h

@@ -107,7 +107,8 @@ typedef enum {
     NOTMUCH_VALUE_TIMESTAMP = 0,
     NOTMUCH_VALUE_MESSAGE_ID,
     NOTMUCH_VALUE_FROM,
-    NOTMUCH_VALUE_SUBJECT
+    NOTMUCH_VALUE_SUBJECT,
+    NOTMUCH_VALUE_LAST_MOD,
 } notmuch_value_t;
 
 /* Xapian (with flint backend) complains if we provide a term longer
@@ -194,6 +195,9 @@ void
 _notmuch_database_log (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
 		       const char *format, ...);
 
+unsigned long
+_notmuch_database_new_revision (notmuch_database_t *notmuch);
+
 const char *
 _notmuch_database_relative_path (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
 				 const char *path);
@@ -305,6 +309,10 @@ _notmuch_message_set_header_values (notmuch_message_t *message,
 				    const char *date,
 				    const char *from,
 				    const char *subject);
+
+void
+_notmuch_message_upgrade_last_mod (notmuch_message_t *message);
+
 void
 _notmuch_message_sync (notmuch_message_t *message);